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Vanadium |
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Why vanadium? |
Steel |
Vanadium Redox |
Lithium Vanadium Phosphate |
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| What is vanadium? |
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Vanadium is a soft, silvery gray (in elemental
form) mineral that is classified as a ductile
transition metal. It has a wide range of
oxidation states, which produce varied colors in
different vanadium compounds, most notably green
and purple, as in American Vanadium's brand marque. |
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Vanadium is produced as a by-product of steel
smelter slag and is also mined in two different
kinds of mineral deposits: disseminated in
carbon rich deposits and shales (as with
American Vanadium's Gibellini project), and in magnetite
(iron oxide) deposits alongside titanium.
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| Primary uses |
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The majority of vanadium,
approximately 90%, is used as an alloying
element to strengthen steel. Adding only a
fraction of one percent of vanadium to steel
converts it to a High Strength Low Alloy
material. Other uses for vanadium include
chemicals for pigments and catalysts and
specialty alloys with titanium and aluminum for
use in jet engines and jet airframes. |
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A new use has been found in Vanadium Redox
Batteries (VRB), which are flow batteries
designed to store large amounts of energy in a
safe manner that can be adjusted to meet
variable energy loads. Unlike other large
battery systems, VRBs can be charged and
discharged an unlimited number of times without
capacity drop-off. Applications for VRB
batteries include uninterruptable power supply,
wind storage, solar storage, and critical
storage systems. |
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| The market for
vanadium |
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Consumption of vanadium worldwide in 2007 was
estimated to be 58,600 metric tons. The three
largest producing countries are South Africa,
China, and Russia. Production in North America
comes from spent catalyst, residues from burning
coal and heavy oil, byproduct of uranium mining,
and imported pig iron slag. There has been no
vanadium mining in the US since the 1980s. |
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Global consumption of vanadium has been rising
recently with the worldwide boom in
infrastructure construction. Trends in
consumption has shown annual increases in the
range of 6% to 7%, with forecast consumption to
continue at that rate. The Gibellini Project
would produce 4% to 5% of world usage of
vanadium, helping supply keep up with the
growing demand for this strategic metal. |
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| © American Vanadium Corp. |
Please read our disclaimer. |